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There is no headshot bonus, but since individual pieces of armor are damaged by hits can you shoot arrows at bare heads or unarmored legs for full damage?

No, the armor system does not work like that. If they were going to model damage to work based on area hit, they would have added in things like headshot bonuses, like in Fallout. The game does not differentiate between any areas of the body that are hit.

And, of course, this bears mentioning: You can use magic to shoot through armor and shields. Spells and poisons get past armor rating no matter how much protection you pile on— only Resistances will lessen the effects of these forms of attack.