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Assuming that each bag has an equal amount of copper coins. Then the bag with the gold coin in it would have a different weight. The extra coin would make it heavier than the rest.

Thus:

1. We number all bags from 1 to 9.
2. We place the bags 1, 2, and 3 on the left scale pan, and the bags 4, 5, 6 on the right scale pan.
There are two possible outcomes:
A. The scale is balanced. In that case, the bag with the gold coin is among 7, 8 and 9, and may be found through another weighting.
B. The scale is unbalanced. Then the gold coin is inside the heavier bag group, and may also be found through another weighting.

On a table, there are three identical boxes. One contains 2 black marbles, another contains 1 black marble and 1 white marble, and the remaining one contains 2 white marbles. The boxes are labeled as follows: ‘2 black’, ‘2 white’, ‘Black and white’.
However, we know that none of the three labels is true.
Can you define which marbles are in which box without peeking into the boxes by taking out one marble at random?

Take the one marble out of the box labeled, 1 white and 1 black. Since we know the label is wrong, there are either 2 white or 2 black inside.
If you pull out a black, you know that there are 2 blacks in this box.

If we now think of the box labelled, 2 white, we know that 2 whites are not in this box and, seeing as you know where the 2 blacks are now, this means that that box must contain 1 black and 1 white.

By a process of elimination, the box labelled 2 black must contain 2 white marbles.

And similarly if you pulled out a white marble at the start.

a+b-c=5
2a+c+p=46
3a+p-b=39

What is the value of b?

A family of four (Mom, Dad, Kid and Granny) approaches a bridge at night. Dad can cross the bridge in 1 minute, Mom can cross it in 2 minutes, Kid can cross it in 5 minutes, and Granny can cross it in 10 minutes.
The have one torchlight. The bridge can only hold two people at once.

How do they cross the bridge in 17 minutes?

NB:
If two people are crossing the bridge, their speed equals that of the slower person.
The bridge cannot be crossed without the torchlight.
The torchlight cannot be used to light the way from a distance.
The people cannot carry each other in their arms.
The torchlight cannot be tossed around.

They leave the Dad behind.
Grannie and Mom cross. - 10 minutes
Mom goes back for son. - 2 minutes
They cross and leave Dad alone. - 5 minutes

Mum and dad cross =2m
Dad goes back =1m
Gran and kid cross=10m
Mum goes back=2m
Dad and mum cross=2m

Total time=17m

1916-1918 Aviatik produced recon planes with tail-gunners. Being as the rudder was destroyed, and no longer an obstruction; the rear gunner would have had a clean shot at the steady pursuer. Maybe that puzzle was a little vague.

? = 4

The bottom number is the sum of the first two.